This special issue investigates land degradation in the Ahal region of Turkmenistan, focusing on irrigation-induced soil salinization, desertification dynamics in the Central Karakum Desert, and preventive land management strategies. Using NDVI, Land Surface Temperature (LST), and De Martonne Aridity Index analysis within a GIS framework, studies reveal a strong negative correlation (r = −0.97) between vegetation health and environmental stress, statistically confirming salinity-driven degradation at Arkadag city. A 23-year temporal analysis at the Erbent research site documents rising surface temperatures (+0.0179 °C/year) and declining vegetation density, with black saxaul loss amplifying desertification feedback loops. The issue is published in the Year of Ecology in Turkmenistan and contributes evidence-based strategies for sustainable dryland management across Central Asia.